How to Get Help from Your Professor

Few students make it through college or graduate school without seeking assistance from a professor for help at one time or another. In fact, its important to seek help rather than let problems fester and intensify. So, how do you approach a professor for one-on-one time? First, lets look at common reasons students seek assistance. Why Seek Help? What are common reasons why you might seek out professors for assistance? Youve fallen behind in class because of illnessYouve failed a test or assignment and do not understand the course materialYou have questions about the requirements of a given assignmentYou need advice on the subject of your majorYou cannot reach the class teaching assistant during his or her posted hoursYou need clarification on policies and/or schedules OK, so there are lots of reasons to seek assistance from professors. Why Do Students Avoid Seeking Professors Help?Sometimes students avoid asking for assistance or meeting with their professors because theyre embarrassed or intimidated. What are common anxieties experienced by students? Feeling out of the loop after missing several classesFear of asking a dumb questionFear of confrontationShynessDiscomfort over approaching a professor of a different age, gender, race, or cultureTendency to avoid interactions with those in authority If youre going to progress as a student -- and especially if you wish to attend graduate school, you must set your intimidation aside and ask for the help that you need. How to Approach Your Professor Contact. Determine the preferred mode of contact; check the course syllabus as professors indicate their preferred methods of contact and related information. Ask yourself: Is this urgent? If so, then contact by phone or stopping by his or her office during office hours is probably the most logical step. Otherwise, you can try e-mail. Wait a few days for a response (remember that teaching is a professors job, so dont expect replies over evenings, weekends, or holidays). Plan. Check the syllabus for the professors office hours and policies before you make your request so that you are already familiar with their schedule. If the professor requests that you return at another time, do your best to meet at a time which is convenient for him or her (e.g., during office hours). Dont ask a professor to go out of his or her way to meet you at a time that is inconvenient because professors have many more responsibilities than teaching (e.g., lots of meetings within the department, university, and community). Ask. Asking is the only way to learn your professors preferences. Say something like, Professor Smith, I need a few minutes of your time so that you can help me with a question/problem Im having with ___. Is this a good time, or can we set up something that is more convenient for you? Keep it short and to the point. Prepare for Your Meeting Pull your thoughts together beforehand (as well as all of your course materials). Preparation will permit you to remember to ask all of the questions that you need to be answered and arrive with confidence to your meeting. Questions. If you are anxious at all about talking with your professor, prepare a list of your questions beforehand. Be efficient and try to accomplish everything in one meeting, rather than coming back time and time again with further questions. Materials. Bring your class notes and syllabus with you to refer to, if you have questions specifically related to course materials so that you have all the details you need. If you need to refer to a textbook, bookmark the pages that you will need to refer to so you can get to them quickly. Notes. Come prepared to take notes (i.e., bring a pen and paper to your meeting). Notes will help you record and remember the responses to your questions and prevent you from asking the same questions later in the course. At the Meeting Be punctual. Punctuality signifies respect for your professors time. Do not arrive early or late. Most professors are pressed for time. If you need to meet with your professor again, ask him or her if you can set up another appointment, following the suggestions above. Use the appropriate form of address. Unless your professor has indicated otherwise, address him or her by last name and with the appropriate title (e.g., Professor, Doctor). Show some gratitude. Always thank the professor for his or her time and express any gratitude that you feel is appropriate for the specific help that he or she has provided. This rapport will leave the door open for future appointments.

Essay on Social Stratification and The Importance of Class

Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. This is a phrase that all Americans are familiar with, for it outlines our American values and sets up our declaration of independence. Many Americans consider themselves part of a nation of opportunity for all, regardless of race, gender or nationality, yet hardly do we ever choose to question whether or not this is actually true. As Americans there are certain values that we hold very dear, for example freedom, equality and opportunity. These are the values our nation is based upon, but are these standards actually held up in our modern society? I will argue that although our nation prides itself on its equality and freedom; in reality we do not hold up these values and are faced with†¦show more content†¦This social stratification also serves as a stepping-stone to more discrimination and inequality, as the wealthier Americans often look down upon those who are in extreme poverty and try to take away or reduce some of the only t hings they have, such as welfare. The money in our American society is so unequally divided it would make our forefathers cringe and if our society were really founded in equality we would not let ones position at birth dictate their entire life. Gender and racial inequality are two more examples of how people can be born at a disadvantage and although they should be given an equal chance, they are often not. Many people view racial inequality as a â€Å"thing of the past† but just because we don’t have slavery or Jim Crow laws it does not mean that there are not systems put in place to keep non-white people at a disadvantage, especially by manipulating the criminal justice system. In this excerpt from The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander states, â€Å"More African American adults are under correctional control today—in prison or jail, on probation or parole—than were enslaved in 1850, a decade before the Civil War began†. It is this type of problem that illustrates how although we live in a â€Å"modern† society we are still chained down by our morally corrupt and imbalanced past. Black Americans are being imprisonedShow MoreRelatedCompare the Functionalist and Marxist Views on Socia l Stratification1740 Words   |  7 PagesPHENOMENON OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION. 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The concept of social stratification is based on four central principles, which are social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences, it carries over from one generation to the next, while it is universal, it is also variable, and social stratification involves not only inequality but beliefs asRead MoreSocial Stratification and Class Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesbacks of the middle class. To people in the lower class, the promise is held that in a capitalist society, by working hard you can lift yourself out of the lower income bracket to join the middle class. Entrepreneurs who can find a ne ed and fill it can make it into the upper class. The point is that this kind of thinking, a product of social stratification theory, is ingrained upon our minds. 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Building and Planning Regulations in Sri Lanka - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2889 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Architecture Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction to Law and Regulation Framework Introduction. This coursework report describes under law and regulatory framework. From this assignment aims to provide a study about building regulations, planning regulations in Srilanka. This report provides regards to the ongoing project at Villa Garden, Albert Crescent, Colombo 07. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Building and Planning Regulations in Sri Lanka" essay for you Create order Project scenario The building known as Villa Garden, Albert Crescent, Colombo 07, has been refurbished and currently provides office space. However, the Developer has realized they made a mistake increatingoffices and now want to use the space as recreational accommodation. I.e. convert the buildingintoapproximately twenty serviced short stay apartments. TheDeveloper has asked us to give him initial advice on the processes which will be required to obtain planning permission for the proposal. Part-A Physical planning law is the law, which made for control and regulate building activities in the Srilanka. Local government and Urban Development Authoritys have the responsibility to implement this law in Srilanka. Town and country planning law(no.49 of 1946) was the law which controlled and regulated the building activities in the past. According to town and country planning law act no 49 of 2000. The Town Country Planning (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 2000 was approved by the Parliament and received the official sanction over establishing of National Physical Planning Department to replace the former Town the County Planning Department And also Urban Development Authority of Srilanka One of the main responsible authority for building activities in urban areas. The UDA was established from parliament act no 48 of 1978 with intension to promote planning and implementation of economic, physical and social developments of the areas which declared by the authority.And our subject site area which situated on Albert Crescent, Colombo 07 also area which declared as an Urban area from the act no 41 of 1978. Due to that this building needs UDA approval. Urban development authority has provided their legal implements to land and building development by relevant acts. As shown in the following, In 1990 Town and country planning act In 2007 CDM regulations In 2000 Building regulations In 1980 building act In 2008 planning act And also By-laws, the rules and regulations enacted by an association or a corporation to provide a framework to control its own activities. Or laws which made by local governments. This building situated in Colombo-7, and then Colombo municipal council bylaws also applied for this building development. The main law which statutes for governs municipal councils is Municipal Council Ordinance (29 of 1947). Any new development or all other developments with additions and alterations to existing building are required to get a building approval as per the City of Colombo Development Plan (Amendment) 2008, City of Colombo Development Plan 1999. And this is an office complex building which already built so now developer wants to build it as a residential building it means this building needs to convert as an apartment. So this building development should gain approvals from condominium management authority. Apartment ownership law and condominium property law are the main laws which a ffects for this kind of apartment developments. Laws considered by the condominium management authority. Condominium Management Laws in Srilanka. Apartment Ownership Law No: 11 of 1973 Apartment Ownership (Amendment) Act. No: 45 of 1982 Common Amenities Board (Amendment) Act. No: 46 of 1982 Apartment Ownership (Special Provisions) Act No: 4 of 1999 Apartment Ownership (Special Provisions) (Amendment) Act No: 27 of 2002 Apartment Ownership (Amendment) Act No: 39 of 2003 Common Amenities Board Law No: 10 of 1973 Common Amenities Board (Amendment) Act No: 24 of 2003 Before commencement of the construction developer should submit relevant documents and gain approvals from Urban Development Authority (UDA), Colombo Municipal Council (CMC), and condominium management authority (CMC). In Srilanka town and country planning/physical planning law Audinane is the main law for building regulations. However, this relevant area gazette as an urban area, according to No 41 of 1978. Due to that these building legal processes happen according to UDA requirements. When it comes to building regulations in UK. Town and country planning, process control over the development of all land (including buildings) in England and Wales, it is an administrative process deriving from the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. But now there are three main acts on the subject. Town and Country planning act -1990, Planning act-1990 and Town and Country plan order-2008. Are the main relevant regulations, regulates the building process in the UK. In UK building regulati ons, there are fourteen specific documents/ approvals Named as A to p. For building approval and control process. As follows A Structure B Fire safety C Site preparation, resistance to contaminates and moisture D Toxic substances E Resistance to the passage of sound F Ventilation G Hygiene H Drainage and waste disposal J Fuel storage systems K Protection from falling, collision and impact L -Conservation of fuel and power M Access and use of building N Glazing P Electrical safety Each part/document named as Approved Document, it contains practical and technical guidance on requirements can be met in common building events Under UK law department of local government and communities and relevant local authorities are responsible for change in use or the extension process of a building. In the UK this Town and Country planning process implements by Local authorities and Department of Local Authorities and communities. From this planning regulations they are expected to, do plannings of development programs, to control and regulate the development activities in the country and to do preservations and conservations to buildings. From this whole planning regulations, acts and laws, governments or relevant authorities expect to do their building activities more efficiency and accuracy. This planning permission regulations and this process provide guidance to control the use of land and buildings and to protect the public interest. As we have discussed in before from this planning process provides guidance and control development activities of a country. So then what is, development can define as the carrying out of building, engineering, mining or other operation in, on or under land or the making of any material change in the use of any building or other land (Camden, 2000). Section 54A of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 And we can divide developed into two basic as Operational development Carrying out of operations (that is to say, building, mining, engineering or other operations) or some physical alteration to the land or building work or internal works. Section 55 of the 1990 Act contains quite a list of operations and uses which do not amount to development. The making of material change in the use of land (including buildings on land) From this they concern about if their change of activities from it use. Section 55 (3) of the 1990 Act specifically states about change in the use of a building. According to planning acts, planning permission required to carry out any king of a development. Therefore developer must obtain required approvals before commencing the development. Therefore developer can submit the required applications to relevant authorities like COLOMBO Municipal council, condominium management authority and urban development Authority. And more importantly, this building must gain approval from COLOMBO Municipal council and urban development Authority otherwise this building can consider as an unauthorized construction. That contractor needs to gain permission residential building. To get required permissions developer needs to submit these documents. Land surveying plan Design plan Layout plans, according to requirements of UDA. Relevant condominium property law and their planning permission According to our project scenario, this building already made office complex. Now the developer wants to convert it into an apartment building. So then the developer should obtain permission from the condominium management authority. In Srilanka main act for condominium management is an Apartment Ownership Act No 11 of 1973. According to act to gain approval from condominium management developer should follow these steps Condominium plan to the Colombo Municipal Council as per the bylaws of the CMC. Due to Bylaws of Colombo municipal council developer also need approvals from CMC. After that developer should obtain planning permission from the condominium management authority. Condominium Management Authority (CMA) has the responsibility and the power to control, management, maintenance, and administration of the condominium property, and semi condominium property. Registration of condominium plan is compulsory so the developer must submit these relevant documents. Condominium plan Condominium declaration deed Detailing apartment numbers Common elements Certificate from qualified civil/structural engineer Legal issues, documentation issues, etc. we can identify through this process. If there any issues or doubts with process developer can follow these steps. Firstly, its better to inform about development and get advices from officers of CMC. During this developer may need to submit a title deed of it. And developer must submit Design plans, Land survey plan and Land layout plan required and more importantly, these documents must prepare and certify by qualified professionals. After submitting documents to CMC. They will consult their planning committee (this consists with Planning officers of the UDA, Mayor or deep. Mayor or commissioner and members of municipal council.) After this development process should obtain approvals from UDA. This approval from UDA will granted by the planning officers of the UDA at the planning committee in CMC. And this building going to change their use to an apartment building due to that developer after gaining approvals from CMC AND UDA. Also needs to gain approvals from condominium management authority. Part-B Introduction to Building Regulations. The Building Regulations are legislation approved by Parliament that relate to standards of design and building work for the construction of domestic, commercial and industrial buildings.  The building regulations contain a list of requirements that are designed to ensure the health and safety of people in around the building. Under UK context, these laws impleme nt as regulations for High rise buildings. Planning Act 2008 (economic infrastructure of buildings) Town and country planning (general permitted development) Order 2008 This law is governed by extension of buildings and houses and alteration etc. Planning (listed buildings and conservation areas) Act 1990 In srilankan context, this kind of matter will regulate according to UDA regulations and according to their procedure. According to the UDA regulations, extension of a building regulate under Regulation NO 10. The developer must gain approval under that. This planning procedure must be submitted under Section 8J of the Law for the 1982 UDA (Amendment) Act No. 4 the developer must obtain preliminary planning clearance certificate letter from UDA. After gaining planning clearance certificate letter developer can only commence the design work on the building. After the preparation of plans (drawings) contractor/developer should obtain development permit to start construction or to do any other development to building. This site are declared as an urban area, according to UDA act and this area also situated in a Colombo Municipal council area due to that during this development permit gaining process. Both UDA and CMC requirements needs to consider. This process implemented by CMC planning commitie, required documents needs to submit to them. To gain this development permit, the developer must Proof the ownership of land/property and submit certificates from  qualified persons  As mentioned in gazette notification no392/2 of 1986 should certify the application. Applications can obtain from the western province, division and provincial officers UDA As charge for this service needs to pay. Residential Rs. 2240/- (Including VAT) Subdivision of Land Depends on the area of the Land Commercial Rs.5, 600/- (Including VAT) After submitting required documents and application this process will take 15 working days to give a feedback from authority. And importantly, this process will require these supporting documents also Supporting documents required A copy of the Survey Plan of the Land Application Duly Filled A rough sketch of the route to access the land Documents requested by UDA depending on the requirement Land surveying plan Design plan Layout plans, according to the urban development authority https://www.gic.gov.lk/gic/index.php?option=com_infoid=700task=infolang=en And also all the plans and documents must be prepared by a qualified person such as charted engineers, architects act. There for developer must obtain approval for the land survey plan and building plans. Otherwise the structure may be called unauthorized structure. To obtain permission for a development permit and a primary clearance certificate, the contractor must submit primary clearance certificate, the architectural plans which certified by a qualified Chartered Architect or an Architectural Licentiate. Certificate of conformity(COC) cannot gain until above mention documents are obtained. As mentioned in Regulation 67 of Gazette No. 392/9 1986 and Schedule V of Gazette No. 1597/8 2009 to get a certificate of conformity required documents mentioned as follows,. A certificate from a charted architect that constructions are done under his supervision or approved by him. A Certificate from Charted Civil Engineer, structural works carried out under his supervision with approved documents. A Certificate from Charted Electrical, Sanitary, Refrigeration Engineer all Services installed under supervision of them, and according to pre approved plans and HS requirements. According to regulation 4 all the plans and documents must prepare by qualified person, all documents needs to signed by the owner of the site or premises before submission and must submitted in three copies. And according to Regulation 6, this building to be built as a 20 storey apartment building due to that this building can be assumed as a Large Building because of that all the plans must draw under scale of 1:1200. According to our scenario, this is fifteen 15 storey apartment building. And also according to regulation 8 building consider as a High rise building. According to regulation high rise(CATEGORY A type) building means buildings are which more than four floors without ground floor (G+4ABOVE). And also according to UDA regulation no 7 this building considers as an Apartment building. Because this building going to use as residential building So during any type of legal activity this building considered as an apartment building. As mentioned before this building will be considered as a high rise building. According to UDA regulations, there are certain requirements needs to be considered during the building process. As follows. According to regulation 27 (1), from this regulation, they mention about what is the required plot size of a high rise building. Maximum height of the high rise building, according urban development authority regulation 29 (1). And according to UDA regulation 30(2) Rear space requirement for High rise buildings. And according to UDA regulation 27(1) minimum frontage for a High rise Building is 20m. According to UDA regulation 30 (2) mention about what is the required back space from a building. And also this kind of a building must consider about access for disabled people, disabled ramps, toilets for disabled people, lifts, staircases, verandas act according to supreme court order Supreme Court order SC (FR) 221/2009. Also, according to UDA regulation 45 (1) and 45 (2) rooms in a building must provided with natural light and ventilation options, windows, doors or any other approved method should provide for this. And according to UDA regulation no 38. Clearly mention about clearance distances from electric lines according to regulation high rise building (G+4) needs to maintain 2.5m from lines. And as we discussed before, commencing any sort of development before developer must obtain a development permit. According to UDA regulation 12 they clearly mentioned developer cant carry any sort of a development activity contravention of the development permit. The development permit can be revoked due to these reasons, according to regulation 122 as follows. IF developer breach conditions of a permit. A contravention of the provision of these regulations. A misrepresentation of facts in the application. Plans or other documents submitted by the applicant. If the developer fails to submit plans and other particulars according to requirements(Reg 9). And also according to regulation no 11 in certain situations if developments permit refuse to issue by authority within 30 days. The party who aggrieved by the decision can notice to the minister to get a decision on it. From these regulations, we can identify what are the requirements needs to consider during this conversion and how these regulations impact on the project. And also beyond these regulations, there are certain requirements for health safety on a site, according to section 6 of the Factories Ordinance, 1942, it is an obligatory for employe to ensure safety of the worker. According to, ordinance people who involve with injurious substances must needs to provide with safety equipments. (Sections 32, 51, 53 58 of Factories Ordinance). According to section 6 employer cant use below 18 employers to work on a machine until he gets a good training. Reference. Books. Blackhall, J, 2000. Planning law and practice. 2nd Ed. London: Cavendish. Polley, s, 2008. Understanding the building regulations. 4th Ed. London: Taylor Francis Ltd. Web sites Bury Council. 2012. Planning and Building Regulations. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.bury.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=2412. [Accessed 01 April 15]. Colombo Municipal Council. 2012. Development Permit / Planning Clearence. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.cmc.lk/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=98Itemid=65. [Accessed 01 April 15]. Condominium Management Authority. 2009. Condominium Management Laws. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.condominium.lk/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=45Itemid=59lang=en. [Accessed 01 April 15]. Government Information Service. 2011. Obtaining Preliminary Planning Clearance for Change of Use. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.gic.gov.lk/gic/index.php?option=com_infoid=708catid=22task=infolang=en. [Accessed 01 April 15]. Urban Development Authority Sri Lanka. 2011. UDA Acts Amendments. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.uda.lk/knowledge.html. [Accessed 01 April 15]. Gazzets. City of Colombo Development Plan (Amendment)  2008 No. 1597/8-THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY LAW, No. 41 OF 1978.

The Beginning of World War II - 556 Words

The war began because Germany attacked Poland and the United Kingdom, France and other countries joined forces declared war on Germany. The United States thought the Japanese had spies.The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and got in States involve in World War II .They had to send all Japanese American to these camps. The United States tried to protect themselves because the government thought the Japanese had spies. The United States was suddenly attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan and the president asked congress to declare war on Japan. A few hours later Canada and the United Kingdom joined the United States. Then a few days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. The American’s fear was that there was going to be another attack but they didnt know when it was going to happen or where they are going to attack at place or time. West Coast could be next on the Japanese militarys list and a large number of Japanese American’s live in California, Oregon, and Washington. So they thought could they be spies here in our country or could they be stealing information and sending it back to their country or could they be plotting with the enemy back in Japanese.President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. All people of Japan ancestry living on the West Coast will be removed from their homes. The people will be placed in 10 war Relocation Authori ty (WRA) Camps. The camp life is different for each person. Everyone is forced to make manyShow MoreRelatedThe Beginning Of World War II And The Present Decade1527 Words   |  7 PagesKassas Final Exam: Between the beginning of World War II and the present decade, the United States underwent significant reform through key legislative acts, which addressed race relations, poverty, and gender. 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With the rise of communism it caused panic in the country of the United States. The panic was inevitable because anyone could be suspected of being a communist. Also, with communism rapidly spreading in Europe it was hard for the United States to stay inRead MoreWorld War Ii And The United States Economy. When People1296 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II and the United States Economy   Ã‚  Ã‚   When people think about World War II, they normally associate it with Hitler, genocide, the Great Depression, the Cold War, and other negative things; however, there were some positive impacts it had on the United States. Economically, the United States and other countries around the world were devastated by the crashing of the stock market. Unemployment rate was at a high point, Hitler was gaining control of Europe, and we were trying to remain isolationists

Ethnicity, Race and Culture Austria Free Essays

Essay Topic I: Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria Austria is not a big country; it’s ranked on 115th place in total area and 92nd in total population. But not so long ago the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was one of the â€Å"big players† by the end of the 19th century in Europe. That Empire has been a mixture of many different and strongly varying cultures and ethnicities, which remains as one of the reasons why it probably fell apart and got divided into different nations. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria or any similar topic only for you Order Now So what is it now, that makes an Austrian an Austrian and why is he so much different than somebody from Hungary, Czech Republic or Germany; this is the main topic of this essay. The first part of the essay will give a short overview of what ethnicity, race and culture in general stands for. Therefor I will give a short introduction about these topics and try to explain how they are used today. Later on, my focus and the main part of this work will include aspects in which Austrian Culture influences people (in Austria and in general) and try to find answers to the question: â€Å"What is typically or specific for the Austrian culture and the national identity? â€Å" To make this essay a little bit more thought-provoking, I will divide the main part into two parts. The first will consist of features which I perceive from being an Austrian citizen; the second part will attempt to give an indication of features that caught the attention of people who were not born or raised in Austria. Before I start with my major writing, first a short anecdote about the Austrian dialect, which is, let us say, an indicator for Austria’s culture and race: â€Å"The Austrian dialect is about as pretty because the talk resistant changes between self-indulgence and pulling oneself together back and forth play. It thus allows an irreplaceable wealth of right projecting temper. † This short quote from the German author and poet Christian Morgenstern gives already very precise and helpful â€Å"informations† about culture in Austria. To understand what the author was trying to say with this quote you have to appreciate the remarkable gap that lies in between Austrian and German culture. Even though most people in the world (if they even know where Austria is located! ) think of Austrian Culture as a very similar to the German culture, which might be not even so far away from the truth but indeed, there are important and noteworthy differences. One of them is that Austrians can be projected with the adjectives â€Å"cozy†, â€Å"comfy† and â€Å"unhurried† compared to the adjectives Germans are illustrious for in the world, such as â€Å"detailed†, â€Å"precise† and â€Å"hardworking†. From my point of view it is quiet right to say that a big part of the Austrian Culture lies somewhere in between, and that is what Christian Morgenstern was trying to say with his quote. But before I go too deep, let us start from the very beginning: What is culture? Well, this is not an easy question to answer because there are various definitions for this word. I will state here two different definitions of culture. Geert Hofstede defined a very common set of models for international cultures. For him culture â€Å"is the collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of on human group from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values. † (Hofstede 1990, p. 20) Whereas Edgar Schein, who was written one of the best and informative books on organizational culture, defines culture â€Å"as the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of an organization that operate unconsciously and define in a basic `taken for granted? fashion an organization’s view of itself and its environment. † (Schein 1994, p. 7) From these two definitions it is already quite obvious that culture has very much to do with groups. A basic need of groups is the ability to communicate, both at a superficial level (for which ordinary language largely suffices) and also at a deeper level of meaning. At this deeper level, words, actions and things can become filled with special and specific meaning f or the group, such as group-specific jargon and language, rituals for greetings, meetings and other group processes and last but not least artwork and artifacts that symbolize and remind the group of their history (cf. Schein 1994, p. 24;25). And Austria has a long history with a rich tradition. Austria’s geographical location at the crossroads of Europe determined its historical multiethnic makeup. As Austria is comprised with nine provinces and bordered by eight countries with their own distinctive cultures, the people of each province tend to be different. Surrounded by so many other cultures, Austria has often been subjected to cultural â€Å"invasions†, which are the source of the differences among the provinces. Another source of the diversity is the Alps, which cover 62 percent of the country. The distinctions also occurred because different groups settled in Austria. In addition to the Celts, Romans, Hungarians, and Germanic groups, many groups from central Europe arrived during the Middle Ages. Now we have defined Austria’s conditions of culture and its heritage. Let us move to the next important topic: â€Å"National Identity†. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, identity is defined as â€Å"those attributes that make you unique as an individual and different from others† or â€Å"the way you see or define yourself†. Identity can therefore be seen as the positioning of the â€Å"self† as opposed to the â€Å"others†. This concept refers to individual rather than to collective identity and may be determined by the gender as well as the territorial, cultural, social, religious, ethnic, linguistic and national identity (cf. Smith 1991, p. 15). Going beyond individual identity to collective identity and approaching the concept of national identity, the definition gets more complex. It is not about identifying a single individual, but about detecting characteristics of a whole center of population. In another approach, the second construct, the nation can be defined as â€Å"an extensive aggregate of persons, so closely associated with each other by common descent, language, or history, as to form a distinct race or people, usually organized as a separate political state and occupying a definite territory† (The Oxford English Dictionary 1933, p. 30). So now we have well-defined the terms culture and national identity and these definitions leave very much space open to examine the Austrian lifestyle and culture. Therefor it is very difficult to answer questions like â€Å"What is typically Austrian? † without generalizing excessively. The struggle lies in the problem, that if you have grown up in a place, you perceive many things differently than foreigners would and, which makes the situation even more complicated, you don’t notice things foreigners might consider odd. To me, the situation is a little bit easier; I was born in Croatia and moved to Austria when I was 5 years old, so I am able to take both sides of observation, the inside and the outside. My first part of observation about the â€Å"Austrian soul† precedes me to the baroque and catholic legacy that, I think, goes hand in hand with Austrian Culture and National Identity. This means that Austrian society is strongly influenced by a baroque, Catholic tradition that is fairly subtle in terms of actual religious life (only 7 percent of all Austrians attend a weekly service, which is Western-European standard; in Poland it is 20 percent, in the United States of America 40 percent! ). Nevertheless, the tradition of strong family ties, opulent architecture, food and feasts, as well as celebrations and ceremonies is something I see as concerned with the Catholic legacy of the country. Formality and certain ways in which you engage with people socially is very hierarchical and much stricter regulated than in English speaking countries. Families receive significant public benefits for staying with newborn babies for two years and employees are required to secure a mother? s (or father? s, but that is still very uncommon in Austria) job for three years. This leads directly to the very next shaping factor in Austria, the socialist tradition. The socialist tradition of the country is mostly based on the reforms of the1970ies. Education is more or less free from primary school to university (when a conservative government started charging about 700 Euros in fees per year, there were many demonstrations all over Austria). Health care is public. Transportation, culture and arts, libraries and other infrastructure is heavily funded by the public. That has significant social implications: Austria? s university graduates are among the oldest in Europe (in 2005, the average age of receiving the first degree was 27) and its retirement age is among the lowest. For several years, the political trend is to cut the social system down and liberalize the country economically. Many Austrians find the sheer thought of responsibility and initiative distressing, though. Austrians also have a reputation for being conservative and xenophobic, especially Germans like to think of us as a hostile, grumpy bunch (which we might well be with respect to Germans). The political spectrum of Austria is in fact shifted slightly to the right compared to Germany: The German conservatives are the â€Å"rightest† party, whereas Austrian populists standing clearly right of the conservatives have pioneered populist political movements in Europe. To understand this, I think it is necessary to distinguish between political contents on one hand and political style on the other. In terms of actual content, the rightwing populists of Austria (and of other European countries) are not necessarily more radical than the Tories in the UK or even the democrats in the US. In terms of style, Austrians have very little constraints when it comes to being straight-forward and public statements are often made by Austrians that would be regarded as being highly politically incorrect in many other countries, despite of being wide-spread views. Another mechanism that came up my mind while writing this essay is that Austrian people have original views in foreign things. I think that there are several reasons for this. Partly it? s the Austrian mentality to rant openly about whatever bothers you. Partly – especially with rightwing issues – it is also that Austria defined itself with the aid of Western nations as the first victim of Nazi Germany, completely failing to acknowledge the role as a major culprit, which it also had, until into the 1980ies. There was much less of a progressive turnover than in Germany after the war. But the key-question remains: Are Austrians more xenophobic, racist, Semitic than the rest of Europe? Drawn from own experiences and those of friends from other countries, I would say â€Å"most likely not†. As everywhere, cities are more open and cosmopolitan than rural communities. As everywhere, education makes people more tolerant. But just because it is quite likely to hear from an Austrian a grumpy complaint about Eastern-European burglars, Turkish youngsters molesting people on the street or Nigerian asylum seekers selling drugs does not mean that such stereotypes don? t exist in other countries. Enforcing political correctness (socially or legally) fights symptoms, not causes. In terms of causes of intolerance, I don? t think that Austria is doing significantly better or worse than other Western countries. And the openness in talking about pretty much anything will at least allow you to listen to people and get a direct handle on what they honestly think. Another important aspect of the Austrian culture and its soul is the priority of domestic life. Austrians love to build, repair, extend, maintain, refurbish or modernize their houses. They also love gardening and spend ours in garden centers. Houses and gardens are important social stages for dinner parties, BBQs or occasionally just staying in and watch TV. Garden-culture is something you find everywhere in Europe, the obsession with house-building and fixing is a more continental or even Germanic manner (a variation of the same principle is â€Å"washing the car†). The priority that homes and families have for Aust rians might contribute to the stereotype of the bourgeois mountain people. Speaking of mountains: The natural beauty of the country gave rise to a pronounced outdoors culture. Mountaineering, skiing, rock climbing, paragliding, cycling, skiing, camping, skiing, swimming, just strolling and – of course – skiing are really big in Austria and we love to spend our weekends climbing pretty much any hill-resembling thing pointing out of the landscape. Then we sit on top of it, drink beer and watch the valleys. From my point of view, I don’t think there? s a rational reason why we are doing this. A colleague of mine once tried to explain it with a nation-wide UV light addiction; others think it? s coffee and â€Å"Red Bull† that drive us up the hills. Probably all nonsense. In the end, and I am only guessing here, we climb mountains simply because we can. This was the first part as to give my perspective of what is typically Austrian from the view of an Austrian. My next part should be seen as a form of an outside view of how Austrian people and their behavior are seen in the rest of the world. However, I am often amused by the little things that foreigners notice as typically Austrian. Having grown up in the country myself, I often take things as natural or granted that are somewhat odd to an outsider? s eye. From talking to people that have been to this country before, I have learned about the Austria-specificity of a range of features. Long conversations with a friend from Germany revealed a lot of Austrian culture to me that I had previously been unaware of. This included one of his observations on the way people in Austria attribute certain habits and features to the origin on a person: If somebody is Tyrolean, he is expected to like hiking, be conservative and hate Italians. Carinthian accents are immediately associated with ski- and surf-instructors, alongside with their stereotypical courtship behaviors. If somebody acts provincially in Vienna and it turns out that he is Upper Austrian, everybody goes â€Å"Ah, that? s why†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . According to my friend, the â€Å"tribal affiliation† of the Austrians is much more pronounced than in Germany. Something that I have been already aware but not considered as typically Austrian is the love to their titles and degrees. Austria has an impressive list of 819 titles and degrees. Many people get their title or academic degree included in their passports and they even a master (â€Å"Magister†) degree is written before the name. Most titles are used instead of a name when referring to a person directly, for example â€Å"Herr Magister† or â€Å"Frau Doktor†. Recent years saw the arrival of the Anglo-American â€Å"MA†, â€Å"PhD† or other â€Å"new† degrees. Most elderly Austrians are confused by these and try to translate them. This leads me to my last feature of Austrian behaviors that I concluded while talking to foreign friends of me. If you ask Austrians about an upper-class, it is likely that they will look at you somewhat confused and refer you to the wide middle-class and the longstanding socialist traditions that effectively eliminated at least the most pressing poverty. Upper-class as a concept is something strange to Austria – and yet there are few countries that have a stronger correlation in education or income and life expectancy, income of children, social status, and so on, than the German-speaking countries. I am always fascinated how well the upper-class is ignored in Austria and yet maintains its behavioral and social rituals that often date back to the days of the monarchy. If an Austrian tells you that there is no real upper-class in this country, ask how many friends he has that went to one of Vienna? international schools; ask about the last time he went to the Salzburg Festival; if he would feel comfortable dining and using the correct cutlery in one of Salzburg? s top-restaurants; or if he has heard of the â€Å"Adelsclubs† of Vienna (associations for Austria? s ex-nobility). Austria has a long history with a long tradition. For the development of Culture and National Identity this is a very significant aspect, also when talking about what is typically for Austrians. Even to myself, as I already ive here for 20 years, there are facets about the Austrian culture that have not been revealed to me so far. Through attending numerous sociological classes and talking to friends from Austria but also from foreign countries, I was able to get a profounder and closer look on what makes an Austrian an Austrian and that there are reasonable explanations for certain aspects and behaviors. This will be important for further investigations, because I think that Austria’s culture (and every culture worldwide) is just about to experience major changes. Factors like immigration, migration and especially the immense changes we are going through thanks to globalization and all the issues that come with it, will show if historically grown cultures have the capability to survive such a thriving and lavish lifestyle, as we are experiencing right now in the western Words: 2. 965 Words: 2. 965 hemisphere. References: Austrian Culture. Hephaestus Books, 2011 Brown, Andrew;  Organizational Culture. Pitman, London, 1995 Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC, 2010 Lichtenberger Elisabeth; Austria: Society and Regions. Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000 Schein, Edgar; Organizational Culture and Leadership. Jossey-Bass Psychology Series, 1994 [Paperback] Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund; The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 1989 Stein R. Conrad; Austria. Enchantment of the World Series. Children’s Press, 2000 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Available from: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/Nationalism [Accessed April 2012] Culture and quality: an anthropological perspective Available from: http://intqhc. oxfordjournals. org/content/16/5/345. full [Accessed April 2012] Wikipedia, Austria, last modified on 21 April 2012 Available from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Austria [Accessed April 2012] ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Wikipedia, Austria [ 2 ]. Christian Morgenstern, German author and poet (1871-1914) [ 3 ]. Brown, Andrew,  Organizational Culture. Pitman, London, 1995 [ 4 ]. Schein, Edgar, Organizational Culture and Leadership. Jossey-Bass Psychology Series, 1994 [ 5 ]. Wikipedia [ 6 ]. Lichtenberger Elisabeth; Austria: Society and Regions. Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000 [ 7 ]. Stein R. Conrad; Austria. Enchantment of the World Series. Children’s Press, 2000 [ 8 ]. Lichtenberger Elisabeth; Austria: Society and Regions. Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000 [ 9 ]. Austrian Culture. Hephaestus Books 2011 [ 10 ]. Austrian Culture. Hephaestus Books 2011 [ 11 ]. Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC 2010 [ 12 ]. Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC 2010 [ 13 ]. Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC 2010 How to cite Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria, Essay examples

Information Technology Ethics

Question: Write an essay about the Smartphone usage and its impacts. Answer: Introduction This essay is based on the topic of Smartphone usage and its impacts. In order to get a better knowledge on this topic, a case study of Ethical issues in Nursing due to the use of Smartphone. During the discussion in the essay, at first the case study is described in detail. After that, the essay mentions about the stakeholders those are affected and those are not affected due to this issue. Next, the critical analysis is made on the selected issue on the basis of the different ethical theories. At the end of the study, the conclusion is derived by summarizing the findings. Usage of Smartphone and its impacts The scenario The recent studies on different hospitals in Australia have identified that there are 67% of the nursing homes in the country where the nurses and doctors use the Smartphone in order to exchange different information related to patients. The studies state that this is a vital ethical issue because there are high chances of security breaches and getting negative impact on the environments of the hospitals. The studies also identified that 88% of the hospitals in Australia are concerned about this issue and trying to take necessary steps to resolve the issue. The stakeholders: Serial Number Stakeholders 1 Patients 2 Community and family members of the patients 3 management 4 Doctors and Nurses 5 Government Ethical issues Serial Number Stakeholders 1 Sharing personal information of the patients through Smartphone, which may cause security issue 2 Sharing staffs personal information, which hamper the quality of nursing 3 All time using the Smartphone, which affect the environment of the hospitals negatively Non-Ethical issues Serial Number Stakeholders 1 Taking emergence call from the patients 2 Using Smartphone outside the hospitals Consequences Stakeholders Consequences Doctors and Nurses As per the case study, the doctors and nurses use the Smartphone at the time of working in the hospitals and in order to exchange information related to patients. Due to this many personal information of the patients get disclosed to the other people, which affect the security of the patients. At the same time, the environment gets affected in the hospitals (Jamwal Kumar, 2016). However, sometimes due to the use of Smartphone, the doctors and nurses get much important and urgent information in a few second and they can handle many difficult situation. Management of the hospitals The management of the hospitals has taken some steps or made some policies in order to reduce the use of Smartphone. Due to this, the doctors and nurses became conscious about the regular and over use of Smartphone for their personal purposes (Nason et al. 2015). However, they use the Smartphone in the emergence situation. Government The government of the country has made some policies in order to reduce the use of Smartphone in hospitals. Due to those policies, the management of the hospitals became aware of this issue and trying to solve the issue. Patients Patients are the stakeholders those are mostly affected through this issue. As the shared information is mostly about the patients, they face the main insecurity due to this (Park et al. 2015). On the other side, as the environment gets affected the health of the patients also gets affected. Ethical analysis The above-stated case study has mentioned that the doctors and nurses in the hospitals in Australia are using the Smartphone, which is affecting the ethical ground of the hospitals. However, how much their actions are ethical or unethical, that can be understood if the analysis is made on the basis of the Deontology theory of ethics. The Deontology theory of ethics suggests that the individual must hold on their duties and responsibilities at the time of analyzing the ethical dilemma. From the point of view of this particular theory, the use of Smartphone can be considered as unethical to some extent (Biology @ Davidson. 2016). However, Patel et al. (2015) stated that the Smartphone sometimes helps to handle the urgent situation and so the use of Smartphone cannot be consider as unethical. On the contrary Ringh et al. (2015) mentioned that it has been proved before that the mobile phones or Smartphone affects the natural environment from the negative side. Therefore, if the environment of the hospitals gets affected then it is obvious that the health of the patients will also be affected. Therefore, from the Deontology theory of ethics, the activities done by the doctors and nurses are not ethical. This is because the activities not only affect the health of the patients but affect the security of them also. Just Consequentialism The Consequentialism theory of ethics suggests that an action can be considered as ethical if it provides benefits to a large number of people (Patel et al. 2015). In case of the activities mentioned above, it cannot be said that those activities are beneficial for the people. In some situations the use of Smartphone is good. However, in most of the situation it affects the security and health of the patients and the other people from the negative side (Wiseman et al. 2015). Therefore, no one of the actions mentioned above is ethical from the point of view of Consequentialism theory of ethics Options Serial number Suggestions 1 The doctors and nurses must use the Smartphone only on emergence basis 2 The management must implement strict rule regarding the use of Smartphone and must monitor the issue on regular basis 3 The management of the hospitals must arrange for some meetings in order to inform the doctors and nurses regarding the ethical issues faced by the organization 4 The hospitals may keep a different place where the doctors and nurses can talk over Smartphone or mobile phone 5 The management of the hospitals must provide strict restriction over the exchange of the information related to the patients outside the hospital Conclusion In the above section, it has been identified that there are some ways by which the current issue of using Smartphone in hospitals can be reduced. If the management of the hospitals takes strict policies and rules regarding the use of Smartphone and sharing the patients information, then it can be expected that the issue will be solved. Reference List Biology @ Davidson. (2016). Bio.davidson.edu. Retrieved 17 May 2016, Jamwal, N. R., Kumar, S. P. (2016). Smarter palliative care for cancer: Use of smartphone applications.Indian Journal of Palliative Care,22(1), 108. Nason, G. J., Burke, M. J., Aslam, A., Kelly, M. E., Akram, C. M., Giri, S. K., Flood, H. D. (2015). The use of smartphone applications by urology trainees.the surgeon,13(5), 263-266. Park, Y. R., Lee, Y., Lee, G., Lee, J. H., Shin, S. Y. (2015). Smartphone Applications with Sensors Used in a Tertiary HospitalCurrent Status and Future Challenges.Sensors,15(5), 9854-9869. Patel, R. K., Sayers, A. E., Patrick, N. L., Hughes, K., Armitage, J., Hunter, I. A. (2015). A UK perspective on smartphone use amongst doctors within the surgical profession.Annals of Medicine and Surgery,4(2), 107-112. Ringh, M., Rosenqvist, M., Hollenberg, J., Jonsson, M., Fredman, D., Nordberg, P., ... Svensson, L. (2015). Mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons for CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.New England Journal of Medicine,372(24), 2316-2325. Wiseman, J. T., Fernandes-Taylor, S., Barnes, M. L., Tomsejova, A., Saunders, R. S., Kent, K. C. (2015). Conceptualizing smartphone use in outpatient wound assessment: patients' and caregivers' willingness to use technology.Journal of Surgical Research,198(1), 245-251.