The Beginning of World War II - 556 Words

The war began because Germany attacked Poland and the United Kingdom, France and other countries joined forces declared war on Germany. The United States thought the Japanese had spies.The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and got in States involve in World War II .They had to send all Japanese American to these camps. The United States tried to protect themselves because the government thought the Japanese had spies. The United States was suddenly attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan and the president asked congress to declare war on Japan. A few hours later Canada and the United Kingdom joined the United States. Then a few days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. The American’s fear was that there was going to be another attack but they didnt know when it was going to happen or where they are going to attack at place or time. West Coast could be next on the Japanese militarys list and a large number of Japanese American’s live in California, Oregon, and Washington. So they thought could they be spies here in our country or could they be stealing information and sending it back to their country or could they be plotting with the enemy back in Japanese.President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. All people of Japan ancestry living on the West Coast will be removed from their homes. The people will be placed in 10 war Relocation Authori ty (WRA) Camps. The camp life is different for each person. Everyone is forced to make manyShow MoreRelatedThe Beginning Of World War II And The Present Decade1527 Words   |  7 PagesKassas Final Exam: Between the beginning of World War II and the present decade, the United States underwent significant reform through key legislative acts, which addressed race relations, poverty, and gender. 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Ethnicity, Race and Culture Austria Free Essays

Essay Topic I: Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria Austria is not a big country; it’s ranked on 115th place in total area and 92nd in total population. But not so long ago the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was one of the â€Å"big players† by the end of the 19th century in Europe. That Empire has been a mixture of many different and strongly varying cultures and ethnicities, which remains as one of the reasons why it probably fell apart and got divided into different nations. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria or any similar topic only for you Order Now So what is it now, that makes an Austrian an Austrian and why is he so much different than somebody from Hungary, Czech Republic or Germany; this is the main topic of this essay. The first part of the essay will give a short overview of what ethnicity, race and culture in general stands for. Therefor I will give a short introduction about these topics and try to explain how they are used today. Later on, my focus and the main part of this work will include aspects in which Austrian Culture influences people (in Austria and in general) and try to find answers to the question: â€Å"What is typically or specific for the Austrian culture and the national identity? â€Å" To make this essay a little bit more thought-provoking, I will divide the main part into two parts. The first will consist of features which I perceive from being an Austrian citizen; the second part will attempt to give an indication of features that caught the attention of people who were not born or raised in Austria. Before I start with my major writing, first a short anecdote about the Austrian dialect, which is, let us say, an indicator for Austria’s culture and race: â€Å"The Austrian dialect is about as pretty because the talk resistant changes between self-indulgence and pulling oneself together back and forth play. It thus allows an irreplaceable wealth of right projecting temper. † This short quote from the German author and poet Christian Morgenstern gives already very precise and helpful â€Å"informations† about culture in Austria. To understand what the author was trying to say with this quote you have to appreciate the remarkable gap that lies in between Austrian and German culture. Even though most people in the world (if they even know where Austria is located! ) think of Austrian Culture as a very similar to the German culture, which might be not even so far away from the truth but indeed, there are important and noteworthy differences. One of them is that Austrians can be projected with the adjectives â€Å"cozy†, â€Å"comfy† and â€Å"unhurried† compared to the adjectives Germans are illustrious for in the world, such as â€Å"detailed†, â€Å"precise† and â€Å"hardworking†. From my point of view it is quiet right to say that a big part of the Austrian Culture lies somewhere in between, and that is what Christian Morgenstern was trying to say with his quote. But before I go too deep, let us start from the very beginning: What is culture? Well, this is not an easy question to answer because there are various definitions for this word. I will state here two different definitions of culture. Geert Hofstede defined a very common set of models for international cultures. For him culture â€Å"is the collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of on human group from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values. † (Hofstede 1990, p. 20) Whereas Edgar Schein, who was written one of the best and informative books on organizational culture, defines culture â€Å"as the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of an organization that operate unconsciously and define in a basic `taken for granted? fashion an organization’s view of itself and its environment. † (Schein 1994, p. 7) From these two definitions it is already quite obvious that culture has very much to do with groups. A basic need of groups is the ability to communicate, both at a superficial level (for which ordinary language largely suffices) and also at a deeper level of meaning. At this deeper level, words, actions and things can become filled with special and specific meaning f or the group, such as group-specific jargon and language, rituals for greetings, meetings and other group processes and last but not least artwork and artifacts that symbolize and remind the group of their history (cf. Schein 1994, p. 24;25). And Austria has a long history with a rich tradition. Austria’s geographical location at the crossroads of Europe determined its historical multiethnic makeup. As Austria is comprised with nine provinces and bordered by eight countries with their own distinctive cultures, the people of each province tend to be different. Surrounded by so many other cultures, Austria has often been subjected to cultural â€Å"invasions†, which are the source of the differences among the provinces. Another source of the diversity is the Alps, which cover 62 percent of the country. The distinctions also occurred because different groups settled in Austria. In addition to the Celts, Romans, Hungarians, and Germanic groups, many groups from central Europe arrived during the Middle Ages. Now we have defined Austria’s conditions of culture and its heritage. Let us move to the next important topic: â€Å"National Identity†. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, identity is defined as â€Å"those attributes that make you unique as an individual and different from others† or â€Å"the way you see or define yourself†. Identity can therefore be seen as the positioning of the â€Å"self† as opposed to the â€Å"others†. This concept refers to individual rather than to collective identity and may be determined by the gender as well as the territorial, cultural, social, religious, ethnic, linguistic and national identity (cf. Smith 1991, p. 15). Going beyond individual identity to collective identity and approaching the concept of national identity, the definition gets more complex. It is not about identifying a single individual, but about detecting characteristics of a whole center of population. In another approach, the second construct, the nation can be defined as â€Å"an extensive aggregate of persons, so closely associated with each other by common descent, language, or history, as to form a distinct race or people, usually organized as a separate political state and occupying a definite territory† (The Oxford English Dictionary 1933, p. 30). So now we have well-defined the terms culture and national identity and these definitions leave very much space open to examine the Austrian lifestyle and culture. Therefor it is very difficult to answer questions like â€Å"What is typically Austrian? † without generalizing excessively. The struggle lies in the problem, that if you have grown up in a place, you perceive many things differently than foreigners would and, which makes the situation even more complicated, you don’t notice things foreigners might consider odd. To me, the situation is a little bit easier; I was born in Croatia and moved to Austria when I was 5 years old, so I am able to take both sides of observation, the inside and the outside. My first part of observation about the â€Å"Austrian soul† precedes me to the baroque and catholic legacy that, I think, goes hand in hand with Austrian Culture and National Identity. This means that Austrian society is strongly influenced by a baroque, Catholic tradition that is fairly subtle in terms of actual religious life (only 7 percent of all Austrians attend a weekly service, which is Western-European standard; in Poland it is 20 percent, in the United States of America 40 percent! ). Nevertheless, the tradition of strong family ties, opulent architecture, food and feasts, as well as celebrations and ceremonies is something I see as concerned with the Catholic legacy of the country. Formality and certain ways in which you engage with people socially is very hierarchical and much stricter regulated than in English speaking countries. Families receive significant public benefits for staying with newborn babies for two years and employees are required to secure a mother? s (or father? s, but that is still very uncommon in Austria) job for three years. This leads directly to the very next shaping factor in Austria, the socialist tradition. The socialist tradition of the country is mostly based on the reforms of the1970ies. Education is more or less free from primary school to university (when a conservative government started charging about 700 Euros in fees per year, there were many demonstrations all over Austria). Health care is public. Transportation, culture and arts, libraries and other infrastructure is heavily funded by the public. That has significant social implications: Austria? s university graduates are among the oldest in Europe (in 2005, the average age of receiving the first degree was 27) and its retirement age is among the lowest. For several years, the political trend is to cut the social system down and liberalize the country economically. Many Austrians find the sheer thought of responsibility and initiative distressing, though. Austrians also have a reputation for being conservative and xenophobic, especially Germans like to think of us as a hostile, grumpy bunch (which we might well be with respect to Germans). The political spectrum of Austria is in fact shifted slightly to the right compared to Germany: The German conservatives are the â€Å"rightest† party, whereas Austrian populists standing clearly right of the conservatives have pioneered populist political movements in Europe. To understand this, I think it is necessary to distinguish between political contents on one hand and political style on the other. In terms of actual content, the rightwing populists of Austria (and of other European countries) are not necessarily more radical than the Tories in the UK or even the democrats in the US. In terms of style, Austrians have very little constraints when it comes to being straight-forward and public statements are often made by Austrians that would be regarded as being highly politically incorrect in many other countries, despite of being wide-spread views. Another mechanism that came up my mind while writing this essay is that Austrian people have original views in foreign things. I think that there are several reasons for this. Partly it? s the Austrian mentality to rant openly about whatever bothers you. Partly – especially with rightwing issues – it is also that Austria defined itself with the aid of Western nations as the first victim of Nazi Germany, completely failing to acknowledge the role as a major culprit, which it also had, until into the 1980ies. There was much less of a progressive turnover than in Germany after the war. But the key-question remains: Are Austrians more xenophobic, racist, Semitic than the rest of Europe? Drawn from own experiences and those of friends from other countries, I would say â€Å"most likely not†. As everywhere, cities are more open and cosmopolitan than rural communities. As everywhere, education makes people more tolerant. But just because it is quite likely to hear from an Austrian a grumpy complaint about Eastern-European burglars, Turkish youngsters molesting people on the street or Nigerian asylum seekers selling drugs does not mean that such stereotypes don? t exist in other countries. Enforcing political correctness (socially or legally) fights symptoms, not causes. In terms of causes of intolerance, I don? t think that Austria is doing significantly better or worse than other Western countries. And the openness in talking about pretty much anything will at least allow you to listen to people and get a direct handle on what they honestly think. Another important aspect of the Austrian culture and its soul is the priority of domestic life. Austrians love to build, repair, extend, maintain, refurbish or modernize their houses. They also love gardening and spend ours in garden centers. Houses and gardens are important social stages for dinner parties, BBQs or occasionally just staying in and watch TV. Garden-culture is something you find everywhere in Europe, the obsession with house-building and fixing is a more continental or even Germanic manner (a variation of the same principle is â€Å"washing the car†). The priority that homes and families have for Aust rians might contribute to the stereotype of the bourgeois mountain people. Speaking of mountains: The natural beauty of the country gave rise to a pronounced outdoors culture. Mountaineering, skiing, rock climbing, paragliding, cycling, skiing, camping, skiing, swimming, just strolling and – of course – skiing are really big in Austria and we love to spend our weekends climbing pretty much any hill-resembling thing pointing out of the landscape. Then we sit on top of it, drink beer and watch the valleys. From my point of view, I don’t think there? s a rational reason why we are doing this. A colleague of mine once tried to explain it with a nation-wide UV light addiction; others think it? s coffee and â€Å"Red Bull† that drive us up the hills. Probably all nonsense. In the end, and I am only guessing here, we climb mountains simply because we can. This was the first part as to give my perspective of what is typically Austrian from the view of an Austrian. My next part should be seen as a form of an outside view of how Austrian people and their behavior are seen in the rest of the world. However, I am often amused by the little things that foreigners notice as typically Austrian. Having grown up in the country myself, I often take things as natural or granted that are somewhat odd to an outsider? s eye. From talking to people that have been to this country before, I have learned about the Austria-specificity of a range of features. Long conversations with a friend from Germany revealed a lot of Austrian culture to me that I had previously been unaware of. This included one of his observations on the way people in Austria attribute certain habits and features to the origin on a person: If somebody is Tyrolean, he is expected to like hiking, be conservative and hate Italians. Carinthian accents are immediately associated with ski- and surf-instructors, alongside with their stereotypical courtship behaviors. If somebody acts provincially in Vienna and it turns out that he is Upper Austrian, everybody goes â€Å"Ah, that? s why†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . According to my friend, the â€Å"tribal affiliation† of the Austrians is much more pronounced than in Germany. Something that I have been already aware but not considered as typically Austrian is the love to their titles and degrees. Austria has an impressive list of 819 titles and degrees. Many people get their title or academic degree included in their passports and they even a master (â€Å"Magister†) degree is written before the name. Most titles are used instead of a name when referring to a person directly, for example â€Å"Herr Magister† or â€Å"Frau Doktor†. Recent years saw the arrival of the Anglo-American â€Å"MA†, â€Å"PhD† or other â€Å"new† degrees. Most elderly Austrians are confused by these and try to translate them. This leads me to my last feature of Austrian behaviors that I concluded while talking to foreign friends of me. If you ask Austrians about an upper-class, it is likely that they will look at you somewhat confused and refer you to the wide middle-class and the longstanding socialist traditions that effectively eliminated at least the most pressing poverty. Upper-class as a concept is something strange to Austria – and yet there are few countries that have a stronger correlation in education or income and life expectancy, income of children, social status, and so on, than the German-speaking countries. I am always fascinated how well the upper-class is ignored in Austria and yet maintains its behavioral and social rituals that often date back to the days of the monarchy. If an Austrian tells you that there is no real upper-class in this country, ask how many friends he has that went to one of Vienna? international schools; ask about the last time he went to the Salzburg Festival; if he would feel comfortable dining and using the correct cutlery in one of Salzburg? s top-restaurants; or if he has heard of the â€Å"Adelsclubs† of Vienna (associations for Austria? s ex-nobility). Austria has a long history with a long tradition. For the development of Culture and National Identity this is a very significant aspect, also when talking about what is typically for Austrians. Even to myself, as I already ive here for 20 years, there are facets about the Austrian culture that have not been revealed to me so far. Through attending numerous sociological classes and talking to friends from Austria but also from foreign countries, I was able to get a profounder and closer look on what makes an Austrian an Austrian and that there are reasonable explanations for certain aspects and behaviors. This will be important for further investigations, because I think that Austria’s culture (and every culture worldwide) is just about to experience major changes. Factors like immigration, migration and especially the immense changes we are going through thanks to globalization and all the issues that come with it, will show if historically grown cultures have the capability to survive such a thriving and lavish lifestyle, as we are experiencing right now in the western Words: 2. 965 Words: 2. 965 hemisphere. References: Austrian Culture. Hephaestus Books, 2011 Brown, Andrew;  Organizational Culture. Pitman, London, 1995 Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC, 2010 Lichtenberger Elisabeth; Austria: Society and Regions. Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000 Schein, Edgar; Organizational Culture and Leadership. Jossey-Bass Psychology Series, 1994 [Paperback] Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund; The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 1989 Stein R. Conrad; Austria. Enchantment of the World Series. Children’s Press, 2000 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Available from: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/Nationalism [Accessed April 2012] Culture and quality: an anthropological perspective Available from: http://intqhc. oxfordjournals. org/content/16/5/345. full [Accessed April 2012] Wikipedia, Austria, last modified on 21 April 2012 Available from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Austria [Accessed April 2012] ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Wikipedia, Austria [ 2 ]. Christian Morgenstern, German author and poet (1871-1914) [ 3 ]. Brown, Andrew,  Organizational Culture. Pitman, London, 1995 [ 4 ]. Schein, Edgar, Organizational Culture and Leadership. Jossey-Bass Psychology Series, 1994 [ 5 ]. Wikipedia [ 6 ]. Lichtenberger Elisabeth; Austria: Society and Regions. Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000 [ 7 ]. Stein R. Conrad; Austria. Enchantment of the World Series. Children’s Press, 2000 [ 8 ]. Lichtenberger Elisabeth; Austria: Society and Regions. Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000 [ 9 ]. Austrian Culture. Hephaestus Books 2011 [ 10 ]. Austrian Culture. Hephaestus Books 2011 [ 11 ]. Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC 2010 [ 12 ]. Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC 2010 [ 13 ]. Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC 2010 How to cite Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria, Essay examples

Information Technology Ethics

Question: Write an essay about the Smartphone usage and its impacts. Answer: Introduction This essay is based on the topic of Smartphone usage and its impacts. In order to get a better knowledge on this topic, a case study of Ethical issues in Nursing due to the use of Smartphone. During the discussion in the essay, at first the case study is described in detail. After that, the essay mentions about the stakeholders those are affected and those are not affected due to this issue. Next, the critical analysis is made on the selected issue on the basis of the different ethical theories. At the end of the study, the conclusion is derived by summarizing the findings. Usage of Smartphone and its impacts The scenario The recent studies on different hospitals in Australia have identified that there are 67% of the nursing homes in the country where the nurses and doctors use the Smartphone in order to exchange different information related to patients. The studies state that this is a vital ethical issue because there are high chances of security breaches and getting negative impact on the environments of the hospitals. The studies also identified that 88% of the hospitals in Australia are concerned about this issue and trying to take necessary steps to resolve the issue. The stakeholders: Serial Number Stakeholders 1 Patients 2 Community and family members of the patients 3 management 4 Doctors and Nurses 5 Government Ethical issues Serial Number Stakeholders 1 Sharing personal information of the patients through Smartphone, which may cause security issue 2 Sharing staffs personal information, which hamper the quality of nursing 3 All time using the Smartphone, which affect the environment of the hospitals negatively Non-Ethical issues Serial Number Stakeholders 1 Taking emergence call from the patients 2 Using Smartphone outside the hospitals Consequences Stakeholders Consequences Doctors and Nurses As per the case study, the doctors and nurses use the Smartphone at the time of working in the hospitals and in order to exchange information related to patients. Due to this many personal information of the patients get disclosed to the other people, which affect the security of the patients. At the same time, the environment gets affected in the hospitals (Jamwal Kumar, 2016). However, sometimes due to the use of Smartphone, the doctors and nurses get much important and urgent information in a few second and they can handle many difficult situation. Management of the hospitals The management of the hospitals has taken some steps or made some policies in order to reduce the use of Smartphone. Due to this, the doctors and nurses became conscious about the regular and over use of Smartphone for their personal purposes (Nason et al. 2015). However, they use the Smartphone in the emergence situation. Government The government of the country has made some policies in order to reduce the use of Smartphone in hospitals. Due to those policies, the management of the hospitals became aware of this issue and trying to solve the issue. Patients Patients are the stakeholders those are mostly affected through this issue. As the shared information is mostly about the patients, they face the main insecurity due to this (Park et al. 2015). On the other side, as the environment gets affected the health of the patients also gets affected. Ethical analysis The above-stated case study has mentioned that the doctors and nurses in the hospitals in Australia are using the Smartphone, which is affecting the ethical ground of the hospitals. However, how much their actions are ethical or unethical, that can be understood if the analysis is made on the basis of the Deontology theory of ethics. The Deontology theory of ethics suggests that the individual must hold on their duties and responsibilities at the time of analyzing the ethical dilemma. From the point of view of this particular theory, the use of Smartphone can be considered as unethical to some extent (Biology @ Davidson. 2016). However, Patel et al. (2015) stated that the Smartphone sometimes helps to handle the urgent situation and so the use of Smartphone cannot be consider as unethical. On the contrary Ringh et al. (2015) mentioned that it has been proved before that the mobile phones or Smartphone affects the natural environment from the negative side. Therefore, if the environment of the hospitals gets affected then it is obvious that the health of the patients will also be affected. Therefore, from the Deontology theory of ethics, the activities done by the doctors and nurses are not ethical. This is because the activities not only affect the health of the patients but affect the security of them also. Just Consequentialism The Consequentialism theory of ethics suggests that an action can be considered as ethical if it provides benefits to a large number of people (Patel et al. 2015). In case of the activities mentioned above, it cannot be said that those activities are beneficial for the people. In some situations the use of Smartphone is good. However, in most of the situation it affects the security and health of the patients and the other people from the negative side (Wiseman et al. 2015). Therefore, no one of the actions mentioned above is ethical from the point of view of Consequentialism theory of ethics Options Serial number Suggestions 1 The doctors and nurses must use the Smartphone only on emergence basis 2 The management must implement strict rule regarding the use of Smartphone and must monitor the issue on regular basis 3 The management of the hospitals must arrange for some meetings in order to inform the doctors and nurses regarding the ethical issues faced by the organization 4 The hospitals may keep a different place where the doctors and nurses can talk over Smartphone or mobile phone 5 The management of the hospitals must provide strict restriction over the exchange of the information related to the patients outside the hospital Conclusion In the above section, it has been identified that there are some ways by which the current issue of using Smartphone in hospitals can be reduced. If the management of the hospitals takes strict policies and rules regarding the use of Smartphone and sharing the patients information, then it can be expected that the issue will be solved. Reference List Biology @ Davidson. (2016). Bio.davidson.edu. Retrieved 17 May 2016, Jamwal, N. R., Kumar, S. P. (2016). Smarter palliative care for cancer: Use of smartphone applications.Indian Journal of Palliative Care,22(1), 108. Nason, G. J., Burke, M. J., Aslam, A., Kelly, M. E., Akram, C. M., Giri, S. K., Flood, H. D. (2015). The use of smartphone applications by urology trainees.the surgeon,13(5), 263-266. Park, Y. R., Lee, Y., Lee, G., Lee, J. H., Shin, S. Y. (2015). Smartphone Applications with Sensors Used in a Tertiary HospitalCurrent Status and Future Challenges.Sensors,15(5), 9854-9869. Patel, R. K., Sayers, A. E., Patrick, N. L., Hughes, K., Armitage, J., Hunter, I. A. (2015). A UK perspective on smartphone use amongst doctors within the surgical profession.Annals of Medicine and Surgery,4(2), 107-112. Ringh, M., Rosenqvist, M., Hollenberg, J., Jonsson, M., Fredman, D., Nordberg, P., ... Svensson, L. (2015). Mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons for CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.New England Journal of Medicine,372(24), 2316-2325. Wiseman, J. T., Fernandes-Taylor, S., Barnes, M. L., Tomsejova, A., Saunders, R. S., Kent, K. C. (2015). Conceptualizing smartphone use in outpatient wound assessment: patients' and caregivers' willingness to use technology.Journal of Surgical Research,198(1), 245-251.

Volvo Productive Model

What were the main design principles affecting process design at Volvo’s Uddevalla plant? In the 1970s, Volvo embarked on redesigning its production process in order to improve its competitiveness. This led to the establishment of Volvo’s Uddevalla manufacturing plant where workers played a key role in the production of cars. Volvo revolutionized the process of manufacturing cars by introducing the holistic or the reflective production model at its Uddevalla plant (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Volvo Productive Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The model upheld the principles of craftsmanship by relying on workers who utilized their expertise to produce high quality cars. In order to implement the new system, production processes were redesigned based on the following principles. To begin with, the company adopted a craft production system in which employe es worked in teams to produce an entire car. Thus, the Uddevalla production plant did not have an assembly line where various parts could be assembled sequentially to produce a complete car (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). Unlike the assembly system where cars are moved from one station to another during production, the Uddevalla plant had docking stations where cars were built without being moved. Skill development and professionalism was an integral aspect of the holistic production model. The Uddevalla plant had low levels of automation since it focused on craftsmanship (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). As a result, human involvement in the production process was high. The employees had to acquire excellent skills and to demonstrate high standards of professionalism in order to produce high quality cars. In this regard, extensive on-the-job training programs were used to improve the employees’ skills and their understanding of the holistic approach to car production. Natura l assembly work was vital for the success of the holistic approach to production (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). The company established groups of employees who performed various production tasks. The teams were supported by a special parts delivery and order system that ensured timely delivery of supplies.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company also ensured that the production tasks were ergonomically sound to minimize discomfort and fatigue among workers (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). The production levels were variable to enable the workers to respond effectively to variations in demand. Additionally, the production process was characterized with long cycle times to enable each team to complete its work. In order to improve productivity, the company allowed each team to be autonomous (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). Each team worked independently by managing its production tasks. Promoting autonomy in each team had the following advantages. First, it promoted individual innovation in each team. The, employees were likely to focus on product and process innovation if they were allowed to work independently and to make their own production decisions. Second, autonomy promoted individual motivation (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). Workers were likely to be motivated if they were allowed to employ their creativity and independence to complete the tasks assigned to them. Finally, it facilitated adaptability and created opportunities to leverage unique abilities. Despite their potential to improve product quality, the principles used at Uddevalla plant did not promote knowledge transfer within the company. Lack of knowledge transfer was undesirable because it limited organizational learning, which in turn reduced the possibility of creating competitive advantages (Henderson Clark 1990, pp. 9-30). Additionally, the holistic approach did not i mprove efficiency because it was labor-intensive and lacked economies of scale. What is the relationship between process design at Volvo’s Uddevalla plant and the emergence of customer-oriented and built-to-order approaches to car manufacturing? Apart from adopting a new production model at Uddevalla, Volvo focused on improving its distribution system. This involved introducing the customer-oriented production (COP) system in 1992. The main objective of the COP system was to bolster Volvo’s responsiveness to customer needs (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Volvo Productive Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The introduction of the holistic approach to car production led to long cycle time, thereby limiting Volvo’s ability to fulfill customers’ orders in time. For instance, the Uddevalla plant required fifty hours to produce a car, whereas the Gh ent plant required only twenty-five hours to produce a car (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). In this regard, it was important to improve the distribution system in order to prevent further delays. Therefore, Volvo introduced the build-to-order (BTO) system to address its distribution challenges. Under the BTO system, Volvo produced cars according to the level of confirmed orders (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). Moreover, it enabled the company to focus on the production of customized cars that met specific customer needs. A company that intends to implement a BTO system must be able to ensure flexibility in all aspects of its value chain. Specifically, there must be flexibility in production processes, product offering, and production volume. At Volvo, the emergence of the BTO system can be attributed to various process design factors at the Uddevalla plant. To begin with, the holistic model facilitated variation of production levels (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). Consequently, it was possible to increase output in response to rising demand and vice-versa. In this context, flexibility in production facilitated the implementation of the BTO system by enabling the company to align its production schedules to changes in demand. The introduction of specialized parts delivery and improved order processing systems made it possible to match production to confirmed orders (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). Specifically, specialized parts delivery systems ensured that the production plants had adequate car parts to produce the vehicles ordered by customers. The improved order processing system, on the other hand, enhanced the efficiency of the supply chain by improving the order booking process and delivery of confirmed orders. The Uddevalla plant was characterized with small-scale production because of low automation and the use of teams of workers that required long cycle time to complete their work (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). Operating the Uddevalla plant was li kely to be uneconomical due to its lack of economies of scale.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, the company had to improve the competitiveness of the plant through cost reduction measures such as reducing inventory, reducing cycle times in fulfilling orders and eliminating discounts. Since the BTO system facilitates achievement of the aforementioned requirements, it was adopted to enable the company to operate profitably. The focus on craftsmanship improved workers’ skills and professionalism (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). As a result, they were able to ensure flexibility in product offering by customizing the cars according to customers’ needs. In order to leverage this capability, the company had to implement a production and order processing system that could enable it to meet customers’ needs in terms of product specification and quantities. This led to the emergence of the customer-oriented production model that focused on satisfaction of market needs. What are the differences between the volume/ variety strategies pursued by Volvo a nd Ford? The main difference between the volume strategies adopted by the two companies is that Volvo focused on lean production and distribution, whereas Ford focused on mass production of cars (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). Volvo had positioned itself as a luxury car producer in Europe. Moreover, Volvo lacked adequate capital to expand its output and to introduce new car models. Thus, it focused on producing small quantities of high quality cars in order to keep its brand promise. Given the decline in demand in the 1990s, Volvo was likely to make losses by embarking on mass production of luxury cars. Thus, the company adopted the BTO system to avoid the costs associated with holding excess stock of cars (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). Generally, Volvo’s volume strategy was to produce cars that just satisfied the existing demand in Europe. However, it served its export markets from stock rather than the BTO system. Ford’s volume strategy, on the other hand, focused on mass production of standardized cars. The aim of this strategy was to achieve economies of scale in production (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). The resulting reduction in the overall costs of production was expected to improve the competitiveness of Ford’s cars. In this regard, Ford expected to achieve high sales, thereby improving its profits. The variety strategies pursued by Ford and Volvo were also different. Before the takeover by Ford, Volvo focused on producing only a limited range of luxury cars. These included medium to luxury sedans and estate cars. By contrast, Ford hard a wide range of models, which included luxury cars, SUV, and medium sized cars (Holweg Pil 2009, pp. 353-365). After the takeover, the competitiveness of Ford and Volvo decreased because of the differences in the volume/ variety strategies that they pursed. Ford’s focus on mass production limited Volvo’s ability to continue pursuing the BTO distribution system. The resulting incr ease in the stock of cars forced Volvo to provide discounts to eliminate the excess stock, thereby reducing its profit margins. Similarly, Ford was not able to improve its earnings by increasing Volvo’s output. Which operation strategies should Geely pursue to volarise Volvo’s production technology and brand? Geely should pursue the following strategies in order to leverage Volvo’s technology and brand. First, the company should ensure that its governance and business model is strategically aligned to that of Volvo (Russo, Ke Tse 2010, pp. 1-8). This can be achieved by integrating the core business functions of the two companies so that they can achieve synergies by sharing product platforms, development costs, and production technologies. Integrating core business functions will also facilitate technological transfer from Volvo to Geely. In this regard, the core business functions that should be integrated include finance, production and distribution, as well as, research and development. Second, Geely should address the differences between its organizational culture and that of Volvo. In particular, the company must clearly define the objectives that it intends to achieve by acquiring Volvo. Furthermore, Geely must address the elements of organizational culture such as language barrier that may cause resistance to change after the acquisition (Russo, Ke Tse 2010, pp. 1-8). This can be achieved through diversity programs that focus on integrating the employees from the two companies. Generally, reducing cultural conflicts will help the two companies to pursue compatible strategies that will enable them to achieve their objectives effectively. Third, Geely should develop a comprehensive staff retention strategy to avoid losing the top management of Volvo (Russo, Ke Tse 2010, pp. 1-8). The rationale of retaining Volvo’s top leadership is to avoid reduction of staff morale that is likely to arise as top managers leave the company. Volvo’s employees are likely to continue working for it after the acquisition by Geely if they have high morale. Thus, Geely will avoid the risks of losing the talented employees who promote innovation and technological advancements at Volvo. Retaining Volvo’s employees is also central to the achievement of Geely’s objective of learning from Volvo. Specifically, it will facilitate technological transfer by enabling Geely’s employees to learn from their counterparts who work for Volvo (Maielli 2007, pp. 275-294). Technological transfer is important to Geely since it will enable it to maintain the brand image of Volvo and to improve the quality of its own brands. This will bolster the ability of the cars produced by the two companies to penetrate the global market. Undoubtedly, retaining Volvo’s employees will eliminate the staff acquisition costs that Geely is likely to incur in order to replace those who will leave the company. The funds saved thro ugh staff retention can be used for skill development in the two companies. Fourth, Geely should reposition Volvo’s cars to serve the mass market. Currently, Volvo serves the high-end segment of the market that consists of customers who are interested in luxury cars. However, Geely lacks experience in this market since it focuses on serving the mass market. Consequently, it might not be able to leverage Volvo’s brand if the company’s top leadership leave after the acquisition. This challenge is exacerbated by the fact that the Chinese luxury car market is already dominated by established brands such as Audi and BMW (Russo, Ke Tse 2010, pp. 1-8). Although repositioning Volvo is likely to boost sales, it is also likely to create new challenges. For instance, Volvo might lose its global market share if its important attributes such as safety are lost after the acquisition. Besides, brand conflicts are likely to arise as Geely tries to reposition Volvo’s bra nds. These challenges can be addressed by clearly defining Volvo’s brand attributes that will be retained after the acquisition. Finally, Geely should implement cost reduction measures to improve the competitiveness of Volvo’s cars (Russo, Ke Tse 2010, pp. 1-8). Geely should restructure Volvo’s business model by improving its economies of scale. This will involve shifting Volvo’s supply base from Europe to China where it is building a new production plant. The resulting decrease in the cost of procuring supplies will reduce the cost of production. Moreover, the efficiency of Volvo’s distribution system should be improved to prevent accumulation of excess stock. Reducing production costs will enable Geely to sell Volvo’s cars at competitive prices in order to penetrate the market in China and other parts of the world. References Henderson, R Clark, K 1990, Architectural innovation: The recognition of existing product technologies and the fa ilure of established firms, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 35 no. 9, pp. 9-30. Holweg, M Pil, F 2009, ‘A break from the past: Volvo and its malcontents’, in M Freyssenet (eds), The second automobile revolution: Trajectories of the world carmakers in the 21st century, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, pp. 353-365. Maielli, G 2007, Counterfactuals, superfactuals and the problematic relationship between business management and the past, Management and Organizational History, vol. 2 no. 4, pp. 275-294. Russo, B, Ke, T Tse, E 2010, An inorganic approach to globalization: The marriage of Geely and Volvo. Web. This case study on Volvo Productive Model was written and submitted by user Will H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Visual Essay Mertons Theory Samples

Visual Essay Mertons Theory SamplesYou can start creating your own visual essay using Milton's Theory samples. Milton's Theory has many examples that can be used in the creation of your essay. I encourage you to read these samples and follow the instructions in order to properly use these examples.The first section of the writing sample is an example of the active voice in which the student will create their own article. If you know your audience and what their interest is, then the idea behind this is to write an article that will appeal to them. The active voice will allow you to use elements of a journal article style article while remaining creative.The second part of the sample involves a basic report. I am going to start by providing an example of what you can do with this. You could write this in two parts and only one part as an outline. This would give you room to research and include your own ideas about the topics that you want to include in your article.The third section of the basic report is an example of what you can do with a journal-style article. There are two parts to this article which are the introduction and the body. If you use this as an outline, then you can do the same thing with this as well. Then you can insert your own thoughts and information about the topic that you want to cover.The final paragraph that is included in the examples is an example of a story. This article can be told in two parts and then only the last part is to include your own thoughts.These are just a few of the many samples that can be found at Milton's website. The links that you can find include both articles and examples that are specific to Milton's Theory.You should be able to create a truly professional visual essay for your students.I encourage you to consider all of the resources that you have at your disposal to create your own essay. This will allow you to create a true masterpiece and benefit your students for years to come.

Free Essays on Sililoquy

I went to work as any other day, walking around the mall with my best friend, staring, gazing into every transparent glass containing items for my wish list, leaving me with â€Å"wants†, yet will never become possessions. My phone rang, as my mother, carefully, yet failing to hide her tears, told me my cousin (Joshua), two years of age, had drowned. I felt your struggle I thought you had encountered. The splash of water, as it skillfully entered your windpipes, devouring your lungs until your eyes became bloodshot red, as you gasped for that last breath of air, only to swallow more water. And then, slowly your heart stops beating as your body swam along, allowing the current to be your guide. Your body drifted down the canal, but your soul drifted towards heaven. I held my uncle close, my shoulder accepting his tears and cries unheard for his beloved son. Nothing, no pain can ever compare to the injection of a lost loved one I was given when I hugged him, as I felt every breath of sorrow moisten my chest. His firm grip on my shirt held me without a thought of letting go, as he shed his tears on me, seeping through me shirt, my pores, through my soul and directly to my heart. The sharp pain causing your breaths to shorten and uncontrollable tears to fall with no bottom to reach. I heard his unheard cries for his son. That was a want that could never be fulfilled. That was a missing piece that could never be found. A child, every child, is certainly a gift from God. The creation of every human being, the growth, the heart, the mind; never knowing the capabilities it will endow. Never knowing the fullest extent of it’s imagination, enabling them to do anything, and everything it desires; and to take effect into my life is truly one of the many mysterious ways God has worked, in my life, and everyone’s life. Joshua, two years into this earth and yet I feel he has accomplished more than a man, yet no less than an ange... Free Essays on Sililoquy Free Essays on Sililoquy I went to work as any other day, walking around the mall with my best friend, staring, gazing into every transparent glass containing items for my wish list, leaving me with â€Å"wants†, yet will never become possessions. My phone rang, as my mother, carefully, yet failing to hide her tears, told me my cousin (Joshua), two years of age, had drowned. I felt your struggle I thought you had encountered. The splash of water, as it skillfully entered your windpipes, devouring your lungs until your eyes became bloodshot red, as you gasped for that last breath of air, only to swallow more water. And then, slowly your heart stops beating as your body swam along, allowing the current to be your guide. Your body drifted down the canal, but your soul drifted towards heaven. I held my uncle close, my shoulder accepting his tears and cries unheard for his beloved son. Nothing, no pain can ever compare to the injection of a lost loved one I was given when I hugged him, as I felt every breath of sorrow moisten my chest. His firm grip on my shirt held me without a thought of letting go, as he shed his tears on me, seeping through me shirt, my pores, through my soul and directly to my heart. The sharp pain causing your breaths to shorten and uncontrollable tears to fall with no bottom to reach. I heard his unheard cries for his son. That was a want that could never be fulfilled. That was a missing piece that could never be found. A child, every child, is certainly a gift from God. The creation of every human being, the growth, the heart, the mind; never knowing the capabilities it will endow. Never knowing the fullest extent of it’s imagination, enabling them to do anything, and everything it desires; and to take effect into my life is truly one of the many mysterious ways God has worked, in my life, and everyone’s life. Joshua, two years into this earth and yet I feel he has accomplished more than a man, yet no less than an ange...

Translating Names of Minerals to Gemstones and Back

Translating Names of Minerals to Gemstones and Back When certain minerals compress under specific conditions, most often below the surface of the earth, a process occurs which forms a new compound known as a gemstone. Gemstones can be made of one or more minerals, and as a result, some minerals refer to more than one gemstone name. In order to better understand the interaction between the two, reference the two charts below - the first details each gemstone and the minerals that combined to form it and the second lists each mineral and the gemstones it can produce. For instance, Quartz can form Amethyst, Ametrine, Citrine, and Morion (and a few more) gemstones depending on which other minerals and elements compress together and at what depth in the earths crust and temperature the compression occurs at. How Gemstones Are Formed Most gemstones are formed in either the crust or the very top layer of the earths mantle in the molten magma bubbling in the depths of the world, but only peridot and diamonds are formed deep in the mantle. All gems, however, are mined in the crust where they can cool to solidify in the crust, which is made up of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock. Like the minerals that make up gemstones, some are associated with one kind of rock in particular while others have several types of rock that go into the creation of that stone. Igneous gemstones are formed when magma solidifies in the crust and crystallizes to form minerals then an increase in pressure starts a series of chemical exchanges which eventually cause the mineral to compress into a gemstone. Igneous rock gemstones include amethyst, citrine, ametrine, emeralds, morganite, and aquamarine as well as garnet, moonstone, apatite, and even diamond and zircon. Gemstones to Minerals The following chart serves as a translation guide between gemstones and minerals with each link going to photos of the gems and minerals: Gemstone Name Mineral Name Achroite Tourmaline Agate Chalcedony Alexandrite Chrysoberyl Amazonite Microcline Feldspar Amber Amber Amethyst Quartz Ametrine Quartz Andalusite Andalusite Apatite Apatite Aquamarine Beryl Aventurine Chalcedony Benitoite Benitoite Beryl Beryl Bixbite Beryl Bloodstone Chalcedony Brazilianite Brazilianite Cairngorm Quartz Carnelian Chalcedony Chrome Diopside Diopside Chrysoberyl Chrysoberyl Chrysolite Olivine Chrysoprase Chalcedony Citrine Quartz Cordierite Cordierite Demantoid Garnet Andradite Diamond Diamond Dichroite Cordierite Dravite Tourmaline Emerald Beryl Garnet Pyrope, Almandine, Andradite, Spessartine, Grossularite, Uvarovite Goshenite Beryl Heliodor Beryl Heliotrope Chalcedony Hessonite Grossularite Hiddenite Spodumene Indigolite/Indicolite Tourmaline Iolite Cordierite Jade Nephrite or Jadeite Jasper Chalcedony Kunzite Spodumene Labradorite Plagioclase Feldspar Lapis Lazuli Lazurite Malachite Malachite Mandarin Garnet Spessartine Moonstone Orthoclase, Plagioclase, Albite, Microcline Feldspars Morganite Beryl Morion Quartz Onyx Chalcedony Opal Opal Peridot Olivine Pleonast Spinel Quartz Quartz Rhodochrosite Rhodochrosite Rhodolite Almandine-Pyrope Garnet Rubellite Tourmaline Rubicelle Spinel Ruby Corundum Sapphire Corundum Sard Chalcedony Scapolite Scapolite Schorl Tourmaline Sinhalite Sinhalite Sodalite Sodalite Spinel Spinel Sugilite Sugilite Sunstone Oligoclase Feldspar Taaffeite Taaffeite Tanzanite Zoisite Titanite Titanite (Sphene) Topaz Topaz Tourmaline Tourmaline Tsavorite Garnet Grossularite Turquoise Turquoise Uvarovite Uvarovite Verdelite Tourmaline Violan Diopside Zircon Zircon Minerals to Gemstones In the following chart, the minerals in the column on the left translate to the gemstone name on the right, with links contained therein forwarding to more information and additional of the minerals and gemstones associated. Mineral Name Gemstone Name Albite Moonstone Almandine Garnet Almandine-Pyrope Garnet Rhodolite Amber Amber Andalusite Andalusite Andradite Demantoid Garnet Apatite Apatite Benitoite Benitoite Beryl Aquamarine, Beryl, Bixbite, Emerald, Goshenite, Heliodore, Morganite Brazilianite Brazilianite Chalcedony Agate, Aventurine, Bloodstone, Carnelian, Chrysoprase, Heliotrope, Jasper, Onyx, Sard Chrysoberyl Alexandrite, Chrysoberyl Cordierite Cordierite, Dichroite, Iolite Corundum Ruby, Sapphire Diamond Diamond Diopside Chrome Diopside, Violan Grossular/Grossularite Hessonite, Tsavorite Garnet Jadeite Jade Lazurite Lapis Lazuli Malachite Malachite Microcline Feldspar Amazonite, Moonstone Nephrite Jade Oligoclase Feldspar Sunstone Olivine Chrysolite, Peridot Opal Opal Orthoclase Feldspar Moonstone Plagioclase Feldspar Moonstone, Labradorite Pyrope Garnet Quartz Amethyst, Ametrine, Cairngorm, Citrine, Morion, Quartz Rhodochrosite Rhodochrosite Scapolite Scapolite Sinhalite Sinhalite Sodalite Sodalite Spessartine Mandarin Garnet Sphene (Titanite) Titanite Spinel Pleonast, Rubicelle Spodumene Hiddenite, Kunzite Sugilite Sugilite Taaffeite Taaffeite Topaz Topaz Tourmaline Achroite, Dravite, Indigolite/Indicolite, Rubellite, Schorl, Verdelite Turquoise Turquoise Uvarovite Garnet, Uvarovite Zircon Zircon Zoisite Tanzanite